Phosphorus

                                    Phosphorus

                     Atomic number 15, atomic weight 31, electronic structure 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p³  

^{formula 31/15 P, valency +3, +5.}

              ^{Scientist Brand of germany discovered Phosphorus in 1669. He first obtained this element by distillation of urine, sand and coal, As this element shines in the darkness. Hence, it was named Phosphorus.}

               ^{It is not found in free state in nature, as it is highly functional. It is found in the form of compounds in nature in the joint state.}

                               

                              ^{Phosphorus impurities}

               ^{These are several allotropes of phosphorus of which white, red and black phosphorus are the main ones.}

^{(i.)        White Phosphorus-}

                ^{White phosphorus is white in pure state but gradually becomes yellow, it has a garlic like odor and is poisonous. It is a molecular solid consisting of quadratically arranged P4 units. The value of P-P-P bond angle is 60' and there is more tension in the structure. This is why white phosphorus is more active. In the presence of air, it catches fire, so it is kept in cold water. It is soft and can be easily cut with a knife.}

 ^{(ii.)        Red Phosphorus-}

                  ^{The structure of red phosphorus is a complex chain structure. It is odorless and has a high threshold. The red phosphorus has a P-P-P bond angle of 100' .}

 ^{(iii.)       Black Phosphorus-}

                   ^{Black phosphorus is more stable due to its flaky structure. There are many layers of phosphorus atoms attached to it. It is also odorless like red phosphorus.}

                   ^{The formation of black phosphorus and red phosphorus from white phosphorus can be explained by it.}

                           ^{Use Of Phosphorus}

 ^{(1.)      White phosphorus is used in making smoke balloons, fireballs, fire sports demonstrations and colorful flashing matches.}

 ^{(2.)       Red phosphorus is used in making matches.}

 ^(3.)       Red phosphorus is used in making an alloy called phosphorus bronzes. This alloy contains copper, tin and phosphorus.

 (4.)       Phosphorus compounds, zinc phosphorus and calcium phosphide are used as rat medicine.