Gaseous State

                   Gaseous State 

                    In the gas state, the molecules are located far away from each other. Hence there are very week attraction forces between them. The motion of the molecule can stopped by the walls of the vessel, so these molecules can take up the entire space of the vessel. Gases have many similar properties for this reason. These properties are unaffected by the nature of gases.

(1.)     Expansion and Compressibility-

                Gaseous molecules moves freely in straight lines and this motion can be stopped by the walls of the vessel. Therefore, the larger the vessel, the larger the gas will be spread in the same size, similarly due to the large space between the gases. The gases molecules can came very close by increasing the pressure.  

(2.)    Low Density-

                 Due to the low molecules force between gases, there is a lot of free space between gases them, So they are very low in density (1000 times less than solid and liquid). Its unit is expressed in grams/ liter

(3.)    Homogeniety-

                 Gases due to diffusion properties, when there is more then one gas, they would spread over the entire area to form a homogeneous mixture.

(4.)    Liquefaction-

                        Gases can be liquefied at low temperature and high pressure, but this temperature must be less then the critical temperature. Critical temperature no matter on increased gases can not be liquified.

(5.)     Measurable properties of laboratory-

(i.)       Mass:

                      The mass of a gas can be measured by the difference between the weight of empty container and the gas filled container.     

(ii.)         Volume:

                       The volume of the vessel in the volume of the gas.

(iii.)        Pressure:

                       The force exerted on the unit area of the walls due to the collision on the walls of the vessel is called pressure. We measure is with a barometer. 

                             P = Force / Area

(iv.)        Temperature:

                        Temperature can be measured by thermometer. Its unit is Kelvin. The temperature of a gas is measure of their Kinetic energy.

                                       

                            Molecular Motion in Gas

                 

                          In the gaseous are three type of motion, vibration, rotation and transfer of molecules. The smell of any substance is spread from one corner to another due to molecular motion of gases.

                                      

                             Ideal and Real Gases

                            Ideal gases follow gas rules (Boyle, Charles, Galusek, Avogadro) whereas real gases follow these rules only to some extent at low pressure and high temperature.

 

Mixture

                                                                        Mixture                                                      Mixture
          Mixture is obtained by mixing two or more pure substances  (element or compound or both) in any proportion without any  chemical combination. The ingredients of a mixture can be sperated    by simple, mechanical or physical methods.                                       

     Mixture of substance made by taking a small amount of salt in a glass is mixed with water. Similarly, syrup made of sugar and water, brass made of copper and zinc, soda water made of carbon dioxide and water, air made by combining various gases  and dust are example of mixtures.
                                 Type of Mixtures                                                         Mixture can be divided into two main classes-

 Homogeneous Mixture-
   when each part of a Mixture has the composition and properties of its ingredients, it is called homogeneous Mixture. For example, sugar and salt solution in water etc.

  Heterogeneous Mixture-
        A Mixture which does not have the composition and properties  of its composition in different parts is called a heterogeneous mixture  For example a Mixture of sand and salt.

 Solution and its Concentration-
      When one or more substances (solutes) dissolve completely in another substance (solvent), a solution (homogeneous mixture) is formed.

 Some solution are made up two or more liquid substances. As you  know, ethyl alcohol is mixed in water in all proportions to form          a solution.

 Two new states of matter

Specific Compound

                                                 Specific Compound        Spherical Matter-

     Compounds that are in crystal form, if kept in air, give some or all of their crystalline water is alum, washing soda etc.

Hygienic Substances

       Compounds that absorb air moisture to form hydrates hydroxides but do not form saturated solutions.  For example anhydrous copper sulphate, extinguished lime etc.

 Precipitated Substance

    Compounds that take up moisture from the air to form a saturated solution. Such as sodium hydroxide, anhydrous ferric chloride calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide.

 

Fluorescent Substance

      Some substances that absorb visible light and when there is absence of light, they emit it.

  Mixture

Two new states of Matter

                              Two new states of Matter 

Plasma

    It is made up of highly energized and more excited particles. In this state the particles are in the form of ionized gases. Fluorescent tubes and neon bulbs contain plasma. The gas inside them gets ionized when electrified, due to which bright plasma is formed in the bulb or tube. Due to high temperature, plasma is also formed in the stars, due to which they glow.

   Base Einstein Condensate , BEC

   This stage is named after the scientists Satyendranath Bose (india) and Albert Einstein (Germany). BEC's are prepared by cooling a gas with a density as low as one millionth of normal air density. In 2001, USA's Eric Cornell, Ulfgang ketterley and Carl E. Weyman 

 received the Nobel Prize in Physics for achieving the state of  'Base Einstein Condensate' .

         On the basis of chemical composition

   The state of matter are elements, compounds, and mixtures based on chemical composition.

     Element-

      The fundamental substance that is made up of the same type  of atom and each atom has the same nuclear charge, is called element. It is a basic form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical reaction. So far 119 elements are known. Of which 98 are available from nature, the remaining elements have been artificially synthesized by scientists in the laboratory. The elements found in the earth's crust in largest quantity is oxygen  and that in the least quantity is esterine. 

      

Theory of Bernauli

                             Theory of Bernauli 

   Theory of Bernauli 

         This theory states that if an incompressible and non - viscous liquid or gas, ie ideal liquid. flows under a linear flow, then the sum of the pressure energy, potential energy and kinetic energy at each point of its position is a constant per unit volume. So if 'P' is the per unit volume pressure energy, p is the density of the liquid, h is the height from the ground, then, according to Bernoulli's principle.

                                              P + 1/2 pV2 + pgh = constant     

      In fact, Bernoulli's principle is the principle of energy conservation for an ideal liquid.

                             Viscosity

       Most liquid are not ideal and cause impediments to motion this interruption of fluid motion is like internal friction. the property of liquid, due to which the fluid opposes the relative motion in its different layers, is called  viscosity. Viscosity force occurs when there is relative motion between the surface of the fluid. Suppose a liquid like oil is trapped  between two gases plates. Keeping the lower plate stationary, drive the top plate with a constant viscosity V. If honey is replaced instead of oil, more force will be required to run the plate at the same speed.

                         Surface Tension

     The independent surface of each fluid exhibits a tendency to shrink and assume a minimum area, due to this tendency of the fluids their independent surface behaves like a tensioned membrane, this tension present on the independent surface of the fluid is called Surface tension.                

                              Capillarity

      The word  capilla in Latin means 'hair' . It is the ability of a liquid to flow through a thin space. The phenomenon of rice and fall of fluid in the capillary tube is called capillarity. this property of fluid is due to surface tension. If a liquid rises up to h height or descends to a depth in a capillary and has a tangent angle. 

 (1.)    The height will be higher when the surface tension is high.

 (2.)    The height will be higher when the tactile angle is reduced.

 (3.)    The height will be higher when the radius of of the capillary

           is reduced.

                                                      

Relative Theory

                          Relative Theory 

            The relative density of a substance is ratio of its density to the density of water, ie Relative density of matter = density of matter / density of water 4`C 

      The relative is the ratio of two equal quantities ( masses ), there is no unit. Hence the relative density is just a number.When ice is placed in water, 1/10 of it remains outside the water due to relative density. 

                            Theory of Floats

          When an object is immersed in a liquid, the weight of the object is equal to the fluid displaced by its submerged part.

          When W > F means the weight of the object is greater then its uptake or buoyancy force, in this state the object will sink in to the fluid.When W = F means the weight of the object is equal to the weight of the fluid is has removed, then the resulting force on the object is W - F = 0 In this case the object floats jest below the surface of the liquid.

                           

Theory Of Pascal

                         Pressure in Liquid

     Pressure in Liquid

         The fluid of the vessel creates Pressure due to its weight. Pressure in liquid is proportional to depth. The pressure in fluid increases with depth.

      Theory of Pascal

       The pressure applied to a part of a fluid in a bound fluid is normally transmitted to each part of the fluid  this can be explained in many ways.

 (1.)     The pressure exerted at any point of an attached fluid is uniformly transmitted in all directions.

 (2.)      The pressure difference between the 'non compressible fluid' surrounded by a vessel is transmitted to the wall of the liquid and vessel without changing it.

 (3.)       If we reject gravity then the pressure at all points of the liquid will be the same in the state of rest. 

                         Archimedes' Theory

                This theory states that whenever an object is fully or partially immersed in a fluid, the reduction in its load is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the upper thrust. when an object is immersed .

        in a fluid, two types of force work.

 (1.)     The weight of the object acts in a downward direction through the center of the object.

 (2.)      The upper thrust (U) acts upward  through the center of gravity of the object. Due to the upper thrust, the weight of the object is reduced when is it submerged in the fluid.

Liquid

               Liquid

                   In this state of matter the volume is fixed but size is not for mutual attraction force in their molecules is weaker then solids. the density of the fluid is more then gas and less then solid.                 

                   Water is a liquid. The shape of the liquid is not fixed. It takes the shape of its character. Liquid can flow. liquid can be poured or dispersed. The Properties of liquid are intermediate between those of solid or gas. The intrauterine forces of the liquid are weaker then the solid but stronger then the gases. 

                    The position of the constituent particles in the liquid is not as fixed as that of the solid, but they are free to move like as gases. The intrauterine forces in the liquid and stronger then gases.

                     The constituent particles of a liquid break apart from each other into molecules and atoms and are attracted to other molecules. If an attracted to another molecules. If an attempt is made to pressurize the molecules like a solid. 

                                 

                                                Mechanical Properties Of Fluids

                   Fluid

                         The substance that can flow is a liquid since it cannot maintain stress, it assumes the shape of the same vessel in witch it is placed. Both liquid and gas are liquid.

                   Pressure

                         The thrust, which is applied per unit area of a surface, is called pressure. If the entire force (F) is normally on a plane area (A)

                                                  The Pressure will be P = F/A.

                            Pressure is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of pressure is = Nm-2 or Pascal (Pa). The CGS unit of pressure is = dyen The Pressure increase as the area decrease.

 1.                       The type of the wheels of heavy vehicles are made quite wide, because the area of the wheels is wider then type of the wheel of heavy vehicles.the pressure on the road or ground (P = F / A)

 2.                      Camel move easily in the desert, because by the formula, pressure force /  area, the feet of the camel are wide because of their area.

 3.                     The surface  area of sharp knife cutting edge is very small so that more pressure can be applied to cut the meat.                 

Matter

                        Matter 

                                  A Substance is an object that has weight. occupies space, creates Pressure and obstruction, which has inertia properties and whose existence we can perceive by the senses .    A substance is a special type of substance which has certain properties and organization.

                                        

                                                     States of Matter

  (i)                    On the basis of physical condition.

  (ii)            On the basis of chemical condition.

                       On the basis of physical condition.

                         These are three states of matter depending on the physical stase Solid, Liquid and Gas.

                                      

              Solid

                          In the state of matter size and volume are fixed is called solid. 

                                             

                   Liquid

                           In the state of matter no size and volume are fixed is called liquid. 

                                            

                   Gas

                                 In the state of matter size and volume are not fixed is called gas. 

                                       

Stages Of Matter

                                               Stages of Matter     

  The  branch of science in which the structure, composition, properties and action - reaction of matter are studies is called chemistry.

                                Main Branch Of Chemistry.

1.    Physical Chemistry

                                    Under this branch, the general Principles and rules of changes in the internal microstructure of substance and the physical and chemical state of matter are studied.

2.    Inorganic Chemistry

                                               Under this branch, the general Properties, organization and uses of abiotic substance are studies. These substance are formed from elements other then carbon and their compounds.

3.   Organic Chemistry

                                          Under this branch, compounds of carbon found in or made from biomaterials are studied. In fact, the number of organic compounds in this world is much higher then the total number of compounds of all other elements. 

               Other Branches Of Chemistry Are:-

1.         Analytical Chemistry

2.          Bio Chemistry

3.         Geo Chemistry

4.          Agricultural Chemistry

5.          Nuclear Chemistry

6.          Astro Chemistry